Testicular pain can have various causes, ranging from mild and temporary issues to serious medical emergencies. One of the most critical causes is testicular torsion, where the spermatic cord twists and cuts off blood supply to the testicle. This condition causes sudden, severe pain and requires immediate medical attention to prevent permanent damage. Another common cause is epididymitis, an inflammation of the epididymis usually caused by bacterial infections or sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which results in gradual pain and swelling.

Orchitis, or inflammation of one or both testicles, often follows viral infections like mumps. Trauma or injury, such as a direct blow to the groin, can also cause sharp or lingering pain. In some cases, inguinal hernias-where abdominal tissue pushes into the groin-can cause testicular discomfort. Varicoceles (enlarged veins within the scrotum) and hydroceles (fluid buildup around the testicle) may lead to dull, aching pain over time.

Additionally, kidney stones or nerve damage in the lower back can sometimes refer pain to the testicular region. Since the causes vary widely in severity, it's important to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment if testicular pain persists or worsens.